Which leader, influenced by the Sokoto Caliphate, established a theocratic state in Masina in the early 19th century?

Seku Amadu (Ahmad Lobbo) established the Massina Empire around 1818. He was inspired by the Sokoto Caliphate’s Islamic reforms. His theocratic state enforced strict Sharia law in present-day Mali.

Al-Hajj Umar created a different Islamic empire later. Samori Ture founded the Wassoulou Empire fighting French colonialism. Ahmadou Sekou wasn’t a major 19th century empire builder.

These Islamic reform movements swept across West Africa. Leaders learned from each other’s successes in establishing religious states.