The Kanem-Borno Empire was one of the most powerful states in the Nigeria area during the 19th century. Its capital during this period was

Note: The marked answer may be incorrect. Kukawa was actually the capital during the 19th century. Ngazargamu was the earlier capital from the 15th-18th centuries before being destroyed.

The capital moved to Kukawa in 1814 under Sheikh Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi. Maiduguri is a modern city that became important later. Dikwa was a regional center but not the main capital.

Capitals moved for security and strategic reasons. Kukawa offered better defense during the period of Islamic reforms.