Which treaty did Menelik II reject, leading to the Italian invasion and the subsequent Battle of Adwa?

Menelik II rejected the Treaty of Wuchale (also called Ucciali) in 1889. The Italian version claimed Ethiopia was an Italian protectorate. The Amharic version said Ethiopia could use Italian diplomacy but wasn’t controlled by Italy.

Menelik discovered this deception and rejected the treaty. Italy invaded to enforce their interpretation. Ethiopia crushed the Italians at the Battle of Adwa in 1896.

This victory preserved Ethiopian independence when most of Africa was colonized. It inspired anti-colonial movements across Africa.