What are the main components of soil?

Soil has four main components: mineral particles (sand, silt, clay – about 45%), organic matter (plant/animal remains – about 5%), water (about 25%), and air (about 25%).

Mineral particles come from weathered rock and determine texture. Organic matter provides nutrients and improves structure. Water and air fill pore spaces – roots need both.

Ideal agricultural soil balances these components. Compacted soil lacks air; waterlogged soil lacks air; sandy soil lacks water retention; clay soil drains poorly.