The instantaneous current in a circuit is given by i = 4sin(ωt + π/4). The RMS value of the current is

Explanation

Federal principles: division of powers (each tier has constitutional authority), written constitution (defines power distribution), constitutional supremacy (no level can override constitution), independent judiciary (arbitrates disputes between levels).

Benefits: accommodates diversity, prevents tyranny, allows local variation, brings government closer to people. Problems: complexity, duplication, possible gridlock, questions of which level handles what.

Nigerian federalism evolved from three regions to 36 states plus FCT. Revenue allocation (how oil money is shared) remains contentious. True federalism requires more state autonomy than Nigeria currently has.