________ was a major factor that contributed to the rise of …

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________ was a major factor that contributed to the rise of the Sokoto Cliphate.

  1. European colonization
  2. Islamic Jihad ✓
  3. Slave trade
  4. Agricultural revolution.

Explanation

Islamic Jihad helped create powerful empires in the Sahel region of Africa. Leaders like Usman dan Fodio used religious movements to build kingdoms.

European colonization came later and actually ended these empires. The slave trade and agricultural changes were not the main factors.

These Islamic movements spread religion and created organized governments across West Africa in the 1800s.

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