Explanation

The Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970) followed Biafras secession attempt. Eastern Region declared independence as Republic of Biafra under Ojukwu after ethnic violence against Igbos in the north.

Causes: ethnic tensions, 1966 coups, massacre of Igbos in the north, dispute over oil revenues. The war caused massive casualties and famine, killing over a million people.

Outcome: Biafra surrendered, Gowon declared “no victor, no vanquished” policy of reconciliation. Nigeria remained united but scars remain.