Explanation

Maps use symbols, scale, and coordinates. Scale shows ratio of map distance to actual distance: 1:50,000 means 1 cm on map = 50,000 cm (500 m) on ground.

Contour lines show elevation – closer lines mean steeper slope. V-shaped contours pointing uphill indicate valleys; pointing downhill indicate ridges.

Grid references locate points: four-figure (1 km square), six-figure (100 m accuracy). Read easting (horizontal) first, then northing (vertical). “Along the corridor, up the stairs.”