Explanation

A soil profile is a vertical cross-section showing distinct layers (horizons). O horizon: organic matter. A horizon (topsoil): dark, nutrient-rich. B horizon (subsoil): accumulated minerals. C horizon: weathered rock. R horizon: bedrock.

Each horizon has different properties affecting agriculture: color, texture, structure, depth, and nutrient content. Understanding profiles helps farmers choose suitable crops and management.

Deep topsoil is best for farming. Shallow soils or exposed subsoil indicate erosion problems needing attention.