Explanation

Soil fertility depends on: nutrient content (N, P, K and micronutrients), organic matter level, pH, soil organisms, and physical properties affecting root growth.

Factors reducing fertility: continuous cropping without replenishment, erosion, leaching, and soil degradation. Factors improving fertility: manure, compost, fertilizers, legume rotation, and mulching.

Sustainable fertility management replaces what crops remove, maintains organic matter, and protects soil structure. This ensures productivity for future generations.